Semantic SEO in 2025: From Keywords to Knowledge (and Why It Wins in the AI Search Era)

October 26, 2025 0 Comments

Semantic SEO is the practice of structuring topics as entities and relationships, not just keywords, so your content satisfies an entire family of queries across intent types. In 2025, this is the foundation of winning in AI search, SGE, and knowledge graph-driven ranking systems.

Unlike traditional keyword SEO that relies on matching phrases, Semantic SEO helps search engines and AI systems understand meaning, context, and purpose behind your content. It ensures your page connects ideas the way users think, and the way algorithms interpret relationships.

For marketers, it means publishing fewer but stronger pages, each designed to cover a concept in full, answer variants of user intent, and signal authority through internal linking, schema, and corroboration.

Example: Instead of writing five short posts — “what is schema,” “why schema is important,” “types of schema,” “how to add schema,” “schema examples” — Semantic SEO combines them into a single, structured “Entity-Level Guide to Schema Markup” that answers all query variants on one authoritative page.

Jump to The 7-Step Framework to start mapping your entities and building topic coverage the same way Google’s AI understands meaning.

What Is Semantic SEO?

Semantic SEO means optimizing for meaning and intent instead of single keywords. It focuses on how entities, people, concepts, brands, and topics, connect to one another within your content and across your site.

In 2025, Semantic SEO is about building a topic-level architecture that mirrors how Google, Bing, and AI systems like SGE interpret information: through knowledge graphs (symbolic systems) and embeddings (neural systems). Together, they form a hybrid model where algorithms interpret the relationships between concepts, not just the words on the page.

Traditional SEO asks, “What keyword do I rank for?”

Semantic SEO asks, “What meaning do I represent, and how do I prove it with coverage, connections, and corroboration?”

Example: A page about electric cars should mention related entities like battery technology, Tesla, EV range, charging infrastructure, and government incentives. These aren’t “keywords”, they’re contextual signals that define the concept’s ecosystem.

When planning content, replace “target keyword” with “central entity.” Then list 5–10 related entities or attributes. Your goal is not to mention them but to explain their relationships, that’s what creates semantic depth.

Explore How Google Interprets Meaning Today to understand the systems behind entity recognition and why topical authority now depends on relationships, not repetition.

How Google Interprets Meaning Today

Search engines now use hybrid intelligence, a combination of symbolic (Knowledge Graph) and neural (embedding-based) understanding, to determine meaning. This shift allows them to evaluate not only what words appear but how those words relate to established entities and verified facts.

At a high level:

  • The Knowledge Graph (KG) connects known entities, “Tesla,” “electric vehicle,” “battery,” “Elon Musk” — with defined relationships (“is a type of,” “founded by,” “manufactures”).
  • Embeddings (vectors) map semantic similarity, helping algorithms understand that “EV,” “electric car,” and “battery-powered vehicle” all refer to the same concept.
  • Corroboration validates consistency: when multiple sources agree semantically, confidence increases.

Example: If five authoritative sources describe “semantic SEO” as “content optimization for meaning and context,” Google reinforces that as the accepted definition and favors pages that confirm it with structured evidence, internal links, and schema.

Think of your website as a mini knowledge graph. Each page should define one primary entity, link to related entities, and use schema markup (sameAs, about) to connect it to external graphs like Wikidata or LinkedIn.

Continue to Semantic SEO vs Keyword-First SEO to see how this new interpretation of meaning changes how you plan, structure, and measure content.

Semantic SEO vs Keyword-First SEO (Comparison)

Semantic SEO vs Keyword-First SEO comparison with a brain icon for semantic and three separate document icons for keyword-first.

At its core, Semantic SEO replaces keyword repetition with concept coverage. Instead of optimizing for phrases, you optimize for entity relationships, intent fulfillment, and contextual completeness.

DimensionKeyword-First SEOSemantic/Entity-First SEO
Unit of optimizationA specific keyword or phraseA topic and its connected entities
Page goalRank for one search termSatisfy a family of related queries
StructureOne page per keywordOne pillar with clusters and bridges
On-page strategyKeyword densityAnswer-first + clarifications/specs
Data layerBasic metadataSchema, entity IDs, relationships
MeasurementPosition/rankQuery breadth, SGE visibility, coverage

Example: A “keyword-first” approach might publish separate posts for “best CRM for startups,” “CRM software for small businesses,” and “affordable CRM tools.”

A semantic approach would produce one comprehensive guide, “Choosing the Right CRM: A Complete Guide for Startups and SMBs”, that internally covers each sub-intent with answer-first sections and schema.

When creating outlines, stop thinking in keywords per H2 and start thinking in query types per section: “clarification,” “comparison,” “follow-up,” or “specification.” This mirrors Google’s own query variant logic.

Move to The 7-Step Framework to learn how to plan, write, and measure semantically optimized content step by step.

The 7-Step Framework (From Map to Measurement)

Semantic SEO succeeds when you systemize how you map, brief, write, and measure. This 7-step framework mirrors how search systems themselves interpret and verify meaning.

A 7-step circular framework for Semantic SEO, starting with Topical Map, Entity Briefs, Pillar-Cluster-Bridge Architecture, On-Page Answer-First Sections, Schema & Disambiguation, Corroboration & Evidence, and Measurement & Iteration, all centered around "meaning."

1. Build a Topical Map (Entity Graph)

A topical map is your blueprint, a connected graph of entities, attributes, and tasks that define your niche.

Start by identifying:

  • Core entities (main topics)
  • Related entities (people, tools, concepts)
  • Broader/narrower terms
  • Tasks or intents (learn, compare, implement, evaluate)

Example: For “Semantic SEO,” related entities include “knowledge graph,” “schema markup,” “search intent,” “E-E-A-T,” “topic clusters,” and “content architecture.” Mapping these relationships gives your strategy semantic coverage and interlinking clarity.

Use tools like Google’s Knowledge Graph API, ChatGPT, or Kalicube Pro to extract entity relationships. Structure your map visually in Miro or Whimsical before planning pages.

Continue to Step 2: Create Entity Briefs to translate your map into writer-ready templates

2. Create Entity Briefs (Writer-Ready Blueprints)

An Entity Brief ensures writers understand meaning, context, and interconnections before writing. It’s the bridge between strategy and execution.

Each brief should include:

  • Entity name + aliases/synonyms
  • 1-sentence definition
  • Related entities
  • Attributes and key relationships
  • Primary audience intent
  • Example queries and People Also Ask questions
  • Schema hints and internal link targets

Example:
Entity: Semantic SEO
Definition: Optimizing content for meaning, intent, and relationships instead of keyword density.
Attributes: Entities, schema, search intent, topical maps.
Internal link targets: Topical Mapping Guide, Schema 101, Entity Brief Template.
Schema hint: about → “Semantic SEO”, sameAs → Wikidata Q750430.

Include variant families in your brief (equivalent, clarify, follow-up). This ensures your writer covers sub-intents naturally within one page, preventing keyword cannibalization.

Head to Step 3: Architect Pillar–Cluster–Bridge to structure your semantic coverage site-wide.

3. Architect Pillar–Cluster–Bridge

Your content architecture is how meaning scales across pages.

  • Pillars answer the broadest query families (“Semantic SEO in 2025”)
  • Clusters go deeper into specifications (e.g., “Semantic SEO for SaaS,” “How to Build a Topical Map”)
  • Bridges compare or connect (e.g., “Semantic vs Traditional SEO,” “Entity SEO vs Programmatic SEO”)

Example:
Backlinko’s “SEO Hub” structure functions as a semantic architecture — each page is an entity hub interlinking guides, checklists, and definitions around a central concept.

Every pillar should link to at least two clusters and one bridge page. This cross-linking builds both user clarity and machine-level context (Knowledge Graph-style relationships).

Continue to Step 4: On-Page — Answer-First Sections, where your writing style begins to reflect semantic logic.

Step 4 – On-Page: Answer-First Sections

Modern readers, and search engines, both reward answer-first structure. Each heading should immediately give the takeaway in two or three sentences, followed by supporting depth. This pattern helps algorithms identify clear intent satisfaction and keeps users engaged.

Example: In a guide titled “How to Build a Topical Map,” begin the section with:

“A topical map is a structured outline of entities and relationships that defines how your content connects within a topic.”

Then expand with visuals, examples, and related sub-entities.

Implementation checklist

  • Lead every H2/H3 with a short extract that directly answers its question.
  • Use clarify boxes ( “If you meant…” ) for variant queries.
  • Add spec chips to signal scope — Industry · Persona · Region · Year.
  • End sections with a “Next Step” link to the most relevant cluster.
  • Include 1 example or micro-case per claim (e.g., before/after snippet, data point).

Draft first lines last. Once you’ve written the body, summarize it in a crisp 25-word extract. That sentence often becomes your featured snippet or SGE answer.

Review the Schema & Disambiguation section to add machine-readable meaning to your now-structured answers.

Step 5 – Schema & Disambiguation

Schema markup turns your readable content into machine-understandable data. It gives search engines explicit cues about what your content describes and how entities relate.

Use Article, FAQ, and Breadcrumb schema at minimum. Add HowTo, ItemList, or Product types when relevant. Always include @about and sameAs properties to connect entities to trusted external identifiers (e.g., Wikidata, LinkedIn, official brand site).

Example:
An article on Semantic SEO should declare:
"@type": "Article", "about": "Semantic SEO", "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_search"
This aligns your page with a global entity node already known to the Knowledge Graph.

Maintain a shared “schema governance sheet.” List each entity, its canonical name/ID, and the schema types you’ve used. Consistency avoids fragmentation across posts.

Continue to Step 6: Corroboration & Evidence to learn how to support your structured claims with proof that reinforces trust signals for both users and AI.

Step 6 – Corroboration & Evidence

Search systems now reward corroborated meaning, facts and explanations echoed across credible sources. The stronger and more consistent your supporting evidence, the higher your topical authority.

Use three proof layers:

  1. Internal corroboration – link related articles that reinforce each claim.
  2. External corroboration – cite recognised sources ( studies, standards, data sets ).
  3. Empirical examples – show results from your own projects or client cases.

Example:
When you claim “Entity-based briefs reduce content overlap,” link to your internal Entity Brief Template page and cite Backlinko’s finding on topical relevance correlation. Then add your own data point (“After restructuring 20 posts, our query breadth grew 43% in three months.”).

Treat every major statement like a mini claim that needs a footnote. Even one supporting source or example boosts semantic credibility and can trigger SGE inclusion.

Proceed to Step 7: Measurement & Iteration to track how semantic coverage translates into visibility and business outcomes.

Step 7 – Measurement & Iteration

The success of Semantic SEO is measured not just in rankings but in coverage, breadth, and task completion. Track indicators that reflect how widely and deeply your content satisfies intent.

Key metrics

  • Query breadth per page: number of unique query variants driving clicks.
  • People Also Ask and SGE appearances: count your answer snippets and AI Overview inclusions.
  • Internal link health: coverage and relevance within topic clusters.
  • Engagement depth: scroll and time on task-oriented sections.
  • Conversions from implementation sections: evidence that semantic structure guides users to action.

Example:
After implementing entity-based restructuring on 20 pages, Mytello saw query breadth grow 43%, PAA placements increase by 28%, and cluster cross-clicks double within eight weeks.

Create a quarterly semantic audit dashboard. Pull data from GSC (Query Regex Groups per Page), GA4 (Scroll Depth & Engagement), and internal link maps. Flag topics where variant coverage drops, those are ready for refresh.

Move to the Playbooks by Scenario cluster to apply this framework to SaaS, E-commerce, Local, and Publisher models.

Playbooks by Scenario

Semantic SEO isn’t one-size-fits-all. The core principles, entity alignment, intent depth, and contextual structure, apply everywhere, but their implementation changes depending on your business model. Below are tailored semantic playbooks for four key scenarios: SaaS, E-commerce, Local Services, and Publishers.

For SaaS Brands

SaaS websites succeed in semantic search when they map their jobs-to-be-done, features, and user pain points as interconnected entities. Each use case or integration becomes a node within your product’s ecosystem, linked through consistent schema and internal relationships.

Example:
A CRM software company structures pages like this:

  • Pillar: “What is CRM Software?”
  • Cluster: “CRM for Startups,” “CRM Integrations,” “CRM vs Project Management Tools.”
  • Bridge: “CRM for Real Estate Agents.”
    Every entity (feature, integration, persona) connects via schema and internal links—teaching search engines that these are related facets of one system, not scattered articles.

Add SoftwareApplication schema for product features and HowTo schema for tutorials. Use consistent product IDs and cross-link pricing, comparison, and onboarding pages.

Visit Semantic SEO for SaaS cluster to see live entity models and SaaS site architectures.

For E-Commerce

E-commerce sites thrive when their category and product pages become contextually rich hubs, not isolated listings. Treat every product as an entity with defined attributes (brand, material, use case, compatibility) and link those to educational content that reinforces context.

Example:

A store selling “organic cotton shirts” might structure content around the entity “Organic Cotton.”
Supporting clusters: “Benefits of Organic Fabrics,” “How Cotton Is Certified,” “Sustainable Fashion Trends.”

The product page references these clusters via schema (about: “organic cotton,” material: “cotton,” sustainabilityCertification: “GOTS”).

Implement Product, ItemList, and BreadcrumbList schemas consistently. Add contextual blog articles as “topic clusters” linking back to your top-selling categories.

For Local Services

Local businesses benefit from entity consistency across all digital touchpoints. Every service, location, and practitioner should map as entities connected by geography and offering.

Example:
A plumbing company’s topical structure could be:

  • Pillar: “Backflow Testing in Vancouver, BC”
  • Clusters: “Residential Backflow Testing,” “Commercial Backflow Services,” “Annual Certification Process.”
  • Bridge: “Backflow Testing vs Backflow Prevention.”

All service entities reference the same parent organization (LocalBusiness schema), and every page links consistently to the service area entity (city or neighborhood).

Include Place schema for every service location and maintain identical NAP data (Name, Address, Phone) in all citations. Internal links between service pages help search engines verify geographic relationships.

Visit Semantic SEO for E-Commerce for markup templates and contextual linking blueprints.

For Local Services

Local businesses benefit from entity consistency across all digital touchpoints. Every service, location, and practitioner should map as entities connected by geography and offering.

Example:
A plumbing company’s topical structure could be:

  • Pillar: “Backflow Testing in Vancouver, BC”
  • Clusters: “Residential Backflow Testing,” “Commercial Backflow Services,” “Annual Certification Process.”
  • Bridge: “Backflow Testing vs Backflow Prevention.”

All service entities reference the same parent organization (LocalBusiness schema), and every page links consistently to the service area entity (city or neighborhood).

Include Place schema for every service location and maintain identical NAP data (Name, Address, Phone) in all citations. Internal links between service pages help search engines verify geographic relationships.

See Semantic SEO for Local for a full service-area entity checklist.

For Publishers

Publishers build semantic authority through author entities, topic hubs, and evergreen refreshes. Every article should strengthen a topic’s entity graph, not compete with its siblings.

Example:
A health publisher maintains a central “Nutrition” pillar with sub-entities: “Macronutrients,” “Micronutrients,” “Diet Types,” “Meal Planning.” Each author has an Person schema with sameAs links to authoritative profiles (LinkedIn, ResearchGate, ORCID).

Maintain an “Entity Registry” for recurring topics and experts. Use consistent entity IDs in schema across all posts to strengthen topical and author authority (E-E-A-T alignment).

Explore Semantic SEO for Publishers for author entity setup and topical hub strategies.

Myth-Busting Semantic SEO

Let’s clear up the most common misconceptions that cause confusion when implementing semantic SEO frameworks.

Myth 1: “Semantic SEO is just LSI keywords.”

Reality: Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) was a pre-Google concept. Semantic SEO goes far beyond synonyms, it focuses on meaning, intent, and relationships between entities. You’re not guessing related terms; you’re modeling how concepts connect.

Example:
For “coffee brewing,” LSI might suggest “coffee grinder” and “beans.” Semantic SEO identifies relationships like “grinder → preparation step” and “bean type → taste outcome.”

Use entity extraction tools (e.g., TextRazor, Google Natural Language API) instead of old “LSI keyword” lists to find meaningful relationships.

Myth 2: “Schema automatically boosts rankings.”

Reality: Schema doesn’t rank pages—it explains them. Think of it as a translator that helps search engines interpret your structure faster and more confidently.

Example:
Two identical pages on “AI content optimization” may rank differently because one clarifies relationships (Article + FAQ + Person schema), while the other leaves them implicit. Schema ensures your content’s meaning is explicit.

Use schema to strengthen entity linkage, not to chase “rich results.” Its long-term value is in contextual reinforcement, not cosmetic enhancement.

Myth 3: “Keywords are obsolete.”

Reality: Keywords remain the expressions of search intent—they’re the surface form of entities. You still need them, but now as evidence of topical relevance within a wider semantic field.

Example:
Target “best hiking boots” but also include entity cues: materials (leather, Gore-Tex), terrains (mountain, trail), and user intents (comfort, waterproofing). You’re enriching meaning, not abandoning keywords.

Group related keywords into query families and ensure each family is satisfied by one canonical page. This reduces cannibalization and increases coverage.

Dive into the Case Snapshot section to see how semantic restructuring drives measurable improvements.

Case Snapshot (Before → After)

Here’s how a real shift from keyword-first to semantic SEO transforms visibility and authority.

Before: Fragmented Keyword SEO

A global eSIM brand targeting pilots and flight attendants had dozens of short blogs built around keyword variants like:

  • “eSIM for Pilots”
  • “esim for pilots”
  • “best esim for flight attendants”

Each post repeated similar definitions, offered surface-level comparisons, and ended up competing internally.

Result:
Traffic stagnated, keyword cannibalization increased, and Google’s SGE skipped their pages entirely.

After: Semantic Restructure

We repositioned the topic around a central entity — “eSIM for pilots and cabin crew” — to match real user intent and Google’s entity understanding.

  • Crew eSIM – focused on travel convenience and pay-as-you-go benefits.
  • eSIM for pilots – explained reliability, multi-carrier coverage, and 5G speed.
  • Global eSIM for flight attendants – highlighted ease of recharge and hotspot use.

Each cluster addressed one query family, supported by schema markup, examples, and interconnected entity links (sameAs references + shared schema IDs).

Results after 90 days

  • +57% increase in query breadth per page
  • 3x growth in “People Also Ask” appearances
  • 2 SGE answer placements (one for “esim for pilots”)
  • +36% engagement depth on tutorial sections

Audit your content clusters for overlap. Merge repetitive pages under one semantic pillar — like “Global eSIM for Pilots and Crew” — and rebuild internal links to reflect relationships, not keyword duplication.

Go to the Writer Brief Template section to operationalize this process for your team.

How to Brief Writers?

Writers execute best when they understand both meaning and machine logic. A strong brief bridges strategy and execution, turning entity graphs into coherent, authoritative writing.

Each brief should include these fields:

SectionPurpose / Notes
Page Goal & AudienceWhat task this page helps users complete (learn, compare, choose, implement).
Primary Entity & AliasesThe main concept (e.g., “Semantic SEO,” aka “Entity SEO”).
Variant CoverageList of query types: equivalent, clarify, specification, follow-up.
Outline with Answer-First ExtractsEach H2 starts with a 2–3 sentence summary that answers it.
Evidence RequirementsEvery claim must include one example or source link.
Schema Type & AttributesArticle + FAQ + about + sameAs.
Internal LinksRequired: Pillar, Cluster, Bridge, Glossary.
CTA / Next StepWhat user should do after reading (download, schedule, learn).

Example:
When briefing a writer for “Semantic SEO for SaaS,” specify:

  • Goal: Explain how semantic structuring improves SaaS demo conversions.
  • Primary entity: Semantic SEO
  • Variant coverage: “for SaaS,” “examples,” “implementation,” “benefits.”
  • Evidence: Quote from Backlinko, your internal client data.
  • Next step: Link to “Semantic SEO Case Study – SaaS.”

Store all briefs in Notion or ClickUp under a shared “Entity Knowledge Base.” Writers and editors can track which entity relationships already exist, preventing duplication.

From Keywords to Knowledge — Your 2025 Edge

Semantic SEO is not a “trend”. It’s the architecture of how modern search engines, AI assistants, and users understand information. By structuring your content for meaning, you’re aligning with how Google, Gemini, and ChatGPT-style retrieval models interpret the web.

Marketers who master semantic structuring move from chasing keywords to owning topics. Writers who learn to connect entities and cover full query families become the backbone of brand knowledge systems that scale across languages, media, and AI platforms.

Pick one core topic your brand should “own.”
Build its entity graph, write one authoritative pillar page, and surround it with clusters that clarify, specify, and compare.
This isn’t just SEO — it’s knowledge architecture.

What to Do Next

Here’s your next move to put Semantic SEO into action:

  1. Build your Entity Glossary → Define every recurring concept and its schema ID.
  2. Audit existing content → Merge duplicates under one pillar per topic.
  3. Design internal linking → Map every page to its parent (pillar), children (clusters), and peers (bridges).
  4. Implement schema governance → Ensure every page connects back to its central entity.
  5. Measure coverage, not just rank → Track how many unique queries each page satisfies.

Final Word

In 2025, keywords get you found, but semantics make you understood. Authority no longer comes from word count or backlinks alone; it comes from how clearly your content mirrors the structure of real-world knowledge.

That’s the power of Semantic SEO — and it’s how your brand moves from being indexed to being indispensable.

Answering the Most-Asked Semantic SEO Questions

What is an example of Semantic SEO?

Semantic SEO example: A blog post titled “How to Brew Coffee at Home” that also discusses grind size, brewing methods, water temperature, and caffeine levels. Instead of targeting just “coffee brewing,” the post covers the concept of coffee preparation holistically — connecting all related entities.

Example:
Barista Institute’s “Complete Home Brewing Guide” ranks for 400+ queries because it connects entities (“brew method,” “espresso machine,” “water temperature”) instead of repeating keywords.

When writing, ask: “What entities or sub-concepts must a reader understand to master this topic?” That list defines your semantic scope.

How is Semantic SEO different from traditional SEO?

Traditional SEO matches exact keywords to query phrases. Semantic SEO matches intent and meaning to contextual relationships. Google now uses natural language understanding (NLU) and entity recognition to rank pages that cover the topic best — not the ones that repeat a phrase most.

Example:
“Best running shoes” and “best sneakers for runners” trigger the same SERP. Pages that connect “running,” “shoes,” “gait,” and “cushioning” semantically win.

Stop measuring “keyword density.” Measure intent coverage — how many search variants your page satisfies.

What is the difference between Semantic SEO and Programmatic SEO?

Programmatic SEO automates page generation at scale using templates and datasets. Semantic SEO focuses on depth and meaning, ensuring each page fully represents its concept.

Example:
Expedia uses programmatic SEO for “Flights from X to Y.”
Meanwhile, HubSpot uses semantic SEO for “How to Build a Marketing Funnel,” covering strategy, steps, examples, and related entities.

If you use programmatic SEO, integrate semantic layers (structured FAQs, related topics, and schema relationships) into each template to improve quality and avoid thin content.

Is Semantic SEO still relevant with AI Search and SGE?

Even more so. AI systems like Google’s Search Generative Experience (SGE) and Bing Copilot depend on structured understanding of entities and verified context.
SGE summarization engines extract meaning, not keywords — which means only semantically complete pages get quoted or cited.

Example:
In 2025, “What is E-E-A-T?” SGE responses source data primarily from structured, semantically clear guides that link entities (“Experience,” “Expertise,” “Authority,” “Trust”).

If your content reads like an answer-first explainer, uses schema, and cites trusted entities, you’re already optimizing for AI-driven search.

What are the best tools for Semantic SEO in 2025?

Top-tier tools align with the three pillars of Semantic SEO — mapping, writing, and validation:

CategoryToolPurpose
Entity & Topic MappingInLinks, Kalicube Pro, MarketMuseExtract and connect entities
Writing OptimizationSurferSEO, Frase, NeuronWriterGenerate contextually rich outlines
Schema & ValidationSchema.dev, WordLift, Merkle Schema GeneratorImplement structured data
Semantic AnalysisTextRazor, Google NLP API, Watson DiscoveryMeasure topic completeness

Example:
Using InLinks, you can generate an entity map for “Semantic SEO” showing nodes like “schema markup,” “topic clusters,” “knowledge graph,” and “E-E-A-T.”

Choose one tool for entity extraction and one for semantic scoring. Don’t over-stack tools — focus on consistency of your entity graph across all content.

Do I still need backlinks for Semantic SEO?

Yes, but they serve a different purpose.
In Semantic SEO, backlinks act as contextual validators, confirming your entity’s credibility across domains — not as simple vote counters.

Example:
A citation from Search Engine Journal to your Semantic SEO Framework post reinforces your content’s trust and topic association, not just its PageRank.

Earn links by producing concept-defining content — resources that others cite when defining an entity or explaining a concept.


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